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We the hunted
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Martin, Jesse M.

; Leece, A.B.

; Herries, Andy I.R.

; Baker, Stephanie E.

; Strait, David S.

South African Journal of Science

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Abr 2024, Volume 120 Nº 3-4 Páginas 1 - 5

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Classic depictions of human evolutionary ecology cast Homo as predator and other hominins, including Paranthropus robustus, as prey. Such hypotheses rest on a small number of fossils that exhibit evidence of carnivore predation, including the iconic SK 54 cranium from Swartkrans in South Africa. Here we demonstrate that the SK 54 cranium shares its closest affinities with H. erectus sensu lato rather than P. robustus. Demonstrating that Homo was prey for leopards at Swartkrans weakens the historically significant hypothesis that Homo was better able to avoid predation because of being behaviourally and technologically advanced compared to Paranthropus. Subsequent ideas about hominin palaeobiology derived from this hypothesis warrant reconsideration. SIGNIFICANCE: • The small sample of early Homo from southern Africa is increased by the allocation of the SK 54 cranium to that genus. • Evidence from Swartkrans suggests that Homo was prey for leopards. • Hypotheses concerning the biology, behaviour, and technological capabilities of Homo and P. robustus stemming from Brain's seminal work, The Hunters or the Hunted?, should be reassessed.

https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2024/16387

Biotic resistance towards Hydrellia egeriae, a biological control agent for the aquatic weed Egeria densa, in South Africa
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Moffat, Rosali

; van Noort, Simon

; Coetzee, Julie

; Hill, Martin

African Entomology

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2024, Volume 32 Páginas 1 - 6

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Egeria densa is a submerged aquatic weed that can grow into dense monocultures in rivers and dams in South Africa, which negatively affects ecosystem functioning and services. The biological control agent Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior (Diptera: Ephydridae) was first released against Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae) in South Africa in 2018. Biotic resistance in an introduced range can have negative impacts on the ability of a biological control agent to establish and exert top-down pressure. Dipteran and lepidopteran species that are used as biological control agents are often susceptible to higher levels of parasitism in their introduced range than biological control agents from other insect orders. In addition, ecological analogues that are present in South Africa, make H. egeriae particularly vulnerable to biotic resistance. Considering this, post-release surveys were conducted to investigate if native parasitoids will extend their host range to include H. egeriae. Chaenusa seminervata van Achterberg, C. anervata van Achterberg (Braconidae: Alysiinae: Dacnusini) and Ademon lagarosiphonae van Achterberg (Braconidae: Opiinae) were reared from field-collected H. egeriae pupae, within a year of its release. These braconid parasitoids were previously recorded from a native herbivore, Hydrellia lagarosiphon Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Parasitism levels of H. egeriae ranged from 50 to 74% in cold months and 0 to 60% in warmer months, with higher levels of parasitism at a site where H. lagarosiphon naturally occurs. This study also found that cumulative release events of the biological control agent increase the probability of parasitism of field populations, by directly increasing the host pool. However, biological control efficacy can potentially be increased by limiting release efforts to a maximum of two release events per site per season, with particular focus on releasing in warm (i.e. spring/summer) months. Continued post-release surveys are necessary to not only monitor H. egeriae's impact on E. densa, but also to obtain a better understanding of seasonal parasitism levels across E. densa-invaded sites in South Africa.

https://doi.org/10.17159/2254-8854/2024/a15718

Reference values and drivers of diversity for South Brazilian grassland plant communities
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MENEZES, LUCIANA S.

; ELY, CLEUSA V.

; LUCAS, DIÓBER B.

; MINERVINI-SILVA, GRAZIELA H.

; VÉLEZ-MARTIN, EDUARDO

; HASENACK, HEINRICH

; TREVISAN, RAFAEL

; BOLDRINI, ILSI IOB

; PILLAR, VALÉRIO D.

; OVERBECK, GERHARD E.

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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2022, Volume 94 Nº 1 elocation e20201079

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract The South Brazilian grasslands (Campos Sulinos) form the dominant vegetation in southern Brazil. They are species-rich ecosystems that occur under distinct geomorphological and climatic conditions but spatial variation of plant species diversity remains understudied. Here, we present a detailed description of plant communities across the region. Our data were obtained in 1080 plots, representing well-preserved grasslands in different ecological systems. Apart from describing alpha and beta diversity, we investigated the relations of plant communities with environmental features. We identified 759 plant species and found clear differences in community composition across the region. Northern and Southern highland grasslands, humid and dry coastal grasslands and the mesic Pampa grassland were clearly distinct, related to climatic and edaphic features. While species abundance distribution was markedly uneven, local species richness was high, above 20 species/m2, especially in the highlands and in mesic Pampa sites, on shallow soils. The predominant component of beta diversity was species turnover, which suggests that a network of well-conserved grasslands distributed across the region would be the best strategy to protect plant diversity. Our results establish regionalized reference values for richness and diversity that can be useful for initiatives of restoration and conservation of these grasslands.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220201079

Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)
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Schuchmann, Karl-Ludwig

; Schley, Martin

; Hegmann, Mona

; Deus, Filipe Ferreira de

; Tissiani, Ana Silvia de Oliveira

; Weller, André-A.

; Marques, Marinêz Isaac

Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia

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2022, Volume 62 elocation e202262045

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Abstract This study focuses on incubation parameters, egg morphometrics, and body mass development, hatching, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress within a colony of freshwater-breeding Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) located in the private nature reserve of Serviço Social do Comércio (SESC) in the northern Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Temperatures of nest, eggs, and surface substratum, as well as the development of embryos, were surveyed using thermal imaging, a method allowing digital recording from a distance and in a fraction of the time of traditional measuring techniques. The mean egg dimensions (n = 71) were 4.48 (± 0.13) × 3.27 (± 0.07) cm; the mean mass at hatching was 24.3 (± 1.9) g, with a significant decrease over incubation time. The mean surface temperature of eggs varied from 30.9℃ to 39.7℃, while the sand surface temperature was 20℃ at 06:00 h, rising to 47.7℃ at 11:00 h. There was a significant increase (7%) in egg surface temperature throughout incubation. Incubation-bout durations (n = 2108) were correlated with the microclimatic conditions of the substratum, becoming shorter with increasing sand-surface temperature around midday. Egg hatching lasted one day, and siblings hatched no more than 24 h apart. The mean body mass on Day 1 after hatching was 16.8 (± 1.6) g (n = 6). Three days after hatching, chicks moved to new sand depressions provided by parents near the original nest, where they remained motionless or tried to hide under riparian vegetation. The single chick that fledged had a growth rate of K = 0.117 and a t₁?₀₋₉₀ value of 37.3 days. On Day 7, dorsal pintail feathers and primaries appeared, which were open on Day 15. After 14 days, the chick was able to regulate its body temperature, and no more feeding by parental birds during the daytime was observed. On Day 21, the immature plumage was fully developed. Fledging was completed on Day 27. Our study demonstrates that thermal imaging is a useful method of surveying egg and embryo development in the Black Skimmer, reducing nest disturbance and observation efforts.

https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2022.62.045

Estudios preliminares para el procesamiento de minerales mediante calcinación solar
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Valdez., Silvana K

; Orce, Agustina M.

; Abregú, Blanca A.

; Cantolla, Martin Thames

Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología

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Jun 2021, Nº 35 Páginas 31 - 40

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract Certain countries have systems using solar energy on industrial process. The advantage of these systems is to reduce the fossil fuel consumption and carbon dioxide generation, being a sustainable system. There is no background information about the use of non-conventional energy sources applied to pyrometallurgical processes in Argentina. In this paper the feasibility of calcining borates by solar energy was analyzed. The calcination of borates allows to increase their B2O3 content due to the thermal decomposition with the loss of the hydration water. In particular, the calcination of colemanite (calcium borate) occurs around 350-400ºC. A colemanite sample of 70 % purity was calcined using a dish concentrator of 172 cm diameter and a focus depth of 40 cm, the rim angle was 30º. The radiation intercepted by the equipment was determined in kcal/m2 h. Conversion was between 45-72% depending on the environmental conditions. The reaction advancement was measured at different periods of time within an hour. Results show that it is possible to use solar radiation as energy source to calcine and purify colemanite.

Resumen Ciertos países actualmente cuentan con sistemas que emplean la energía solar en diversos procesos industriales. Estos sistemas tienen la ventaja de disminuir el empleo de combustibles fósiles y con ello la generación de dióxido de carbono, por lo que se trata de sistemas sustentables. No existen antecedentes en Argentina del uso de energía solar en procesos pirometalúrgicos. En este trabajo se analiza la factibilidad de realizar la calcinación de boratos empleando energía solar. La calcinación de un borato consiste en su descomposición térmica, eliminándose su agua de hidratación e incrementando su contenido de B2O3. En el caso particular de la colemanita (borato de calcio), la temperatura de descomposición se encuentra entre 350-400°C. Se calcinó una muestra de colemanita del 70% de pureza en una pantalla solar de 172 cm de diámetro y profundidad de foco de 40 cm con un ángulo de inclinación de 30º. Se determinó la irradiación (kcal/m2 h) interceptada por el equipo. Dependiendo de las condiciones climáticas se obtuvo una conversión entre 45-72%. Además se midió el grado de avance a distintos periodos de tiempo durante una hora. Los resultados demuestran que es posible utilizar la energía solar como fuente de energía alternativa para calcinar colemanita.

296 downloads

Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão Arterial – 2020
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Barroso, Weimar Kunz Sebba

; Rodrigues, Cibele Isaac Saad

; Bortolotto, Luiz Aparecido

; Mota-Gomes, Marco Antônio

; Brandão, Andréa Araujo

; Feitosa, Audes Diógenes de Magalhães

; Machado, Carlos Alberto

; Poli-de-Figueiredo, Carlos Eduardo

; Amodeo, Celso

; Mion Júnior, Décio

; Barbosa, Eduardo Costa Duarte

; Nobre, Fernando

; Guimarães, Isabel Cristina Britto

; Vilela-Martin, José Fernando

; Yugar-Toledo, Juan Carlos

; Magalhães, Maria Eliane Campos

; Neves, Mário Fritsch Toros

; Jardim, Paulo César Brandão Veiga

; Miranda, Roberto Dischinger

; Póvoa, Rui Manuel dos Santos

; Fuchs, Sandra C

; Alessi, Alexandre

; Lucena, Alexandre Jorge Gomes de

; Avezum, Alvaro

; Sousa, Ana Luiza Lima

; Pio-Abreu, Andrea

; Sposito, Andrei Carvalho

; Pierin, Angela Maria Geraldo

; Paiva, Annelise Machado Gomes de

; Spinelli, Antonio Carlos de Souza

; Nogueira, Armando da Rocha

; Dinamarco, Nelson

; Eibel, Bruna

; Forjaz, Cláudia Lúcia de Moraes

; Zanini, Claudia Regina de Oliveira

; Souza, Cristiane Bueno de

; Souza, Dilma do Socorro Moraes de

; Nilson, Eduardo Augusto Fernandes

; Costa, Elisa Franco de Assis

; Freitas, Elizabete Viana de

; Duarte, Elizabeth da Rosa

; Muxfeldt, Elizabeth Silaid

; Lima Júnior, Emilton

; Campana, Erika Maria Gonçalves

; Cesarino, Evandro José

; Marques, Fabiana

; Argenta, Fábio

; Consolim-Colombo, Fernanda Marciano

; Baptista, Fernanda Spadotto

; Almeida, Fernando Antonio de

; Borelli, Flávio Antonio de Oliveira

; Fuchs, Flávio Danni

; Plavnik, Frida Liane

; Salles, Gil Fernando

; Feitosa, Gilson Soares

; Silva, Giovanio Vieira da

; Guerra, Grazia Maria

; Moreno Júnior, Heitor

; Finimundi, Helius Carlos

; Back, Isabela de Carlos

; Oliveira Filho, João Bosco de

; Gemelli, João Roberto

; Mill, José Geraldo

; Ribeiro, José Marcio

; Lotaif, Leda A. Daud

; Costa, Lilian Soares da

; Magalhães, Lucélia Batista Neves Cunha

; Drager, Luciano Ferreira

; Martin, Luis Cuadrado

; Scala, Luiz César Nazário

; Almeida, Madson Q.

; Gowdak, Marcia Maria Godoy

; Klein, Marcia Regina Simas Torres

; Malachias, Marcus Vinícius Bolívar

; Kuschnir, Maria Cristina Caetano

; Pinheiro, Maria Eliete

; Borba, Mario Henrique Elesbão de

; Moreira Filho, Osni

; Passarelli Júnior, Oswaldo

; Coelho, Otavio Rizzi

; Vitorino, Priscila Valverde de Oliveira

; Ribeiro Junior, Renault Mattos

; Esporcatte, Roberto

; Franco, Roberto

; Pedrosa, Rodrigo

; Mulinari, Rogerio Andrade

; Paula, Rogério Baumgratz de

; Okawa, Rogério Toshiro Passos

; Rosa, Ronaldo Fernandes

; Amaral, Sandra Lia do

; Ferreira-Filho, Sebastião R.

; Kaiser, Sergio Emanuel

; Jardim, Thiago de Souza Veiga

; Guimarães, Vanildo

; Koch, Vera H.

; Oigman, Wille

; Nadruz, Wilson

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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Mar 2021, Volume 116 Nº 3 Páginas 516 - 658

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20201238 10948 downloads

Susceptibility of field populations of Haematobia irritans to fipronil in Uruguay
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Miraballes, Cecilia

; Barros, Antonio Thadeu M.

; Lucas, Martin

; Klafke, Guilherme M.

; Domingues, Luísa N.

; Riet-Correa, Franklin

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira

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2021, Volume 41 elocation e06821

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO: O fipronil foi registrado no Uruguai em 1997 e, desde então, tem sido utilizado no controle de Haematobia irritans irritans e Rhipicephalus microplus. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a susceptibilidade de populações de campo de H. irritans ao fipronil. Além disso, foi realizada uma pesquisa para avaliar a utilização de fipronil e as práticas de controle de H. irritans nas fazendas de onde provinham as moscas. Para os bioensaios, 31 populações de campo de H. irritans foram expostas a 10 concentrações de fipronil (3,2-16,0μg.cm2), e seus valores de CL50 foram calculados usando análise probit. Um bioensaio foi realizado com H. irritans da colônia suscetível mantida no USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory para comparação e cálculo das razões de resistência (RRs). Todas as 31 populações de campo pesquisadas no estudo eram suscetíveis ao fipronil, com taxas de resistência variando de <0,5 à 2,2. Quatro populações com Rrs >1 não diferiram significativamente da cepa suscetível. Uma única população apresentou RR >2,2. No geral, o fipronil tinha sido usado principalmente para o controle de R. microplus, e em apenas três fazendas, que estavam livres de R. microplus, o fipronil era utilizado para o controle da H. irritans. Em 17 fazendas não tinha sido utilizado fipronil nos últimos três anos. Conclui-se que no Uruguai as populações de H. irritans no campo permanecem suscetíveis ao fipronil.

ABSTRACT: Fipronil was registered in Uruguay in 1997, and, since then, it has been used for the control of Haematobia irritans irritans and Rhipicephalus microplus. The susceptibility of H. irritants to this drug has not been evaluated. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the resistance of H. irritans to fipronil. Additionally, a survey was carried out with the farmers to evaluate the use of fipronil for H. irritans control in the ranches where the flies came from. For the bioassays, 31 field populations of H. irritans were exposed to 10 concentrations of fipronil (3.2-16.0μg.cm2), and their LC50 values were calculated using probit analysis. A bioassay was performed with horn flies from the susceptible colony maintained at the USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory for comparison and calculation of resistance ratios (RRs). All 31 field populations surveyed in the study were susceptible to fipronil, with resistance ratios ranging from <0.5 to 2.2. Four populations with RRs >1 did not differ significantly from the susceptible strain. A single population showed an RR >2.2. Overall, the survey shows that fipronil was mostly used for R. microplus control, and in only three ranches, which were free of R. microplus, was fipronil used for horn fly control. Seventeen farmers did not use fipronil at all in the last three years. It is concluded that, in Uruguay, field populations of horn flies remain susceptible to fipronil.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6821 212 downloads

Consumo de benzodiazepinas y fármacos Z en una organización de la seguridad social nacional argentina: ¿uso racional o excesivo?
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Marin, Gustavo H.

; Mauro, Julieta del

; Marin, Lupe

; Urtasun, Martin A.

; Marin, Gina

; Nucher, Daniel

; Dacher, Carlos

; Perez, Dario Diaz

; Cañás, Martín

Salud colectiva

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2021, Volume 17 elocation e3583

Resumo: Es En | Texto: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

RESUMEN Las benzodiazepinas y los “fármacos Z” (BZD-Z) se prescriben en exceso en muchos países. Este estudio evaluó su consumo en una organización de la seguridad social (obra social) de Argentina de alcance nacional. A partir de un diseño observacional descriptivo se analizó la dispensa ambulatoria de BZD-Z, entre abril 2020 y marzo 2021, a mayores de 18 años; desagregada por sexo, edad, principio activo y vida media. Se encontró una prevalencia anual de uso del 11,6% entre los 431.445 afiliados adultos, con valores más elevados en las mujeres y mayores de 60 años. El consumo global de BZD-Z fue de 77,6 dosis diarias definidas (DDD) cada 1.000 afiliados-día. El usuario promedio recibió 5,1 dispensas anuales y el equivalente a 1,4 DDD por cada día del año. Las BZD-Z más usadas fueron las de vida media larga. El consumo de BZD-Z resultó elevado y más prolongado que lo recomendado. Es necesario mejorar la calidad en el consumo y reducir el impacto negativo del uso inapropiado de estos fármacos entre los individuos tratados.

ABSTRACT: Benzodiazepines and “Z-drugs” (BZD/Z) are overprescribed in many countries. This study evaluates their consumption in a social security sector health insurance provider with national coverage in Argentina. With a descriptive and observational approach, outpatient dispensations of BZD/Zs were analyzed for people over 18 years old from April 2020 to March 2021, disaggregated by sex, age, active ingredient, and half-life. An annual prevalence of use of 11.6% was found among the 431,445 adult affiliates, with higher rates in women and in those over age 60. Overall consumption of BZD/Zs was 77.6 defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 enrollee-days. The average user received 5.1 annual dispensations and the equivalent of 1.4 DDD for each day of the year. BZD/Zs with long half-life were the most used. We found high levels of BZD/Z consumption and for longer periods than recommended. It is necessary to improve the quality of consumption and reduce the negative impact of inappropriate use of these drugs among treated individuals.

https://doi.org/10.18294/sc.2021.3583 256 downloads

Consumo de benzodiazepinas y fármacos Z en una organización de la seguridad social nacional argentina: ¿uso racional o excesivo?
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Marin, Gustavo H.

; Mauro, Julieta del

; Marin, Lupe

; Urtasun, Martin A.

; Marin, Gina

; Nucher, Daniel

; Dacher, Carlos

; Perez, Dario Diaz

; Cañás, Martín

Salud Colectiva

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2021, Volume 17 elocation e3583

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

https://doi.org/10.18294/sc.2021.3583

10.

Clinical validation of brief mental health scales for use in South African occupational healthcare
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van Wijk, Charles H.

; Martin, Jarred H.

; Maree, David J.F.

SA Journal of Industrial Psychology

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2021, Volume 47 Nº 1 Páginas 1 - 17

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ORIENTATION: South Africa carries a high burden of mental ill-health. Screening to identify individuals for further referral is emerging as one pathway to promote access to mental health interventions. Existing occupational health surveillance infrastructure may be a useful mechanism for clinical mental health screening. RESEARCH PURPOSE: This study explored the clinical validity of a range of brief mental health measures in the context of occupational health surveillance. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: To meaningfully screen for mental health as part of occupational health surveillance, tools are required that are empirically validated, clinically useful, locally available and practical to administer. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: Workers (n = 1816), recruited through workplace occupational health surveillance programmes, completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Brief Symptom Inventory 18-somatisation subscale, Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale-7, Primary Care Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Screen, Intense (panic-like) anxiety scale and CAGE scale and partook in a diagnostic interview with a clinical psychologist. MAIN FINDINGS: Basic psychometric characteristics were reported, including confirmatory factor analyses, measurement invariance, internal consistencies and socio-demographic effects. Clinical utility was explored through receiver operating/operator characteristics curve analyses, and calculations of positive and negative predictive values, as well as sensitivity and specificity. These indicators provided evidence of clinical validity in the study context. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings support the use of psychological screening as a brief, practicable and easily accessible mode of occupational mental health support. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This article presented evidence of structural and criterion validity for these scales and described their clinical application for practical use in occupational mental health surveillance.

https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1895 37 downloads

11.

Valor del indice urea/creatinina en orina aislada para estimar el hipercatabolismo proteico grave en pacientes ventilados
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Moretti, Dino

; Ré, Melisa D.

; Rocchetti, Nicolás Sebastián

; Bagilet, Daniel H.

; Settecase, Claudio Jesús

; Buncuga, Martin G.

; Quaglino, Marta B.

Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva

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Dez 2020, Volume 32 Nº 4 Páginas 506 - 513

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the ability of the urea/creatinine index to identify severe protein catabolism from the isolated urine of critically ventilated patients. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study. It included 52 patients without kidney failure. Variables: total urinary nitrogen estimated from the urea in 24-hour urine on the second (T1) and fourth days (T2) and urea/creatinine index in isolated urine before 24-hour urine collection. Results: Severe protein hypercatabolism (estimated total urinary nitrogen > 15g) was present in 14 patients (26.9%) at T1 and in 29 (55.7%) at T2. Eighty-four percent of patients had low nutritional risk by the Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill score. At T1, the Pearson correlation between the estimated total urinary nitrogen and the urea/creatinine index was 0.272 (p = 0.051), and at T2 it was 0.276 (p = 0.048). The urea/creatinine index at T2 had a tendency to better discriminate severe protein hypercatabolism than Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (AUC 0.741 versus 0.669 and 0.656, 95%CI: 0.602 - 0.880; 0.519 - 0.818 and 0.506 - 0.806, respectively). The optimal cutoff value of the urea/creatinine index for the diagnosis of severe protein hypercatabolism was 16.15, with a sensitivity of 79.31% (95%CI: 59.74 - 91.29), specificity of 60.87% (95%CI: 38.78 - 79.53), positive predictive value 71.88% (95%CI: 53.02 - 85.60), negative predictive value 70.0% (95%CI: 45.67 - 87.18), LR (+) 2.03 (95%CI: 1.18 - 3.49), and LR (-) 0.34 (95%CI: 0.16 - 0.74). Conclusion: The urea/creatinine index measured on the fourth day has a certain ability to estimate severe protein hypercatabolism (as defined by estimated total urinary nitrogen) but does not replace total urinary nitrogen in critically ventilated patients without kidney failure. Due to its reasonable sensitivity, it could be used as a screen to identify which patients to take a 24-hour urine sample from.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Estudiar la capacidad discriminativa de hipercatabolismo proteico grave del índice urea/creatinina en orina aislada en pacientes críticos ventilados. Metodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional. Incluyó 52 pacientes sin insuficiencia renal. Variables: nitrógeno urinario total estimado a partir de la urea en orina de 24 horas al segundo (T1) y cuarto día (T2) e índice urea/creatinina en orina aislada previo a la recolección de orina de 24 horas. Resultados: Presentaron hipercatabolismo proteico grave (nitrógeno urinario total estimado > 15g) 14 pacientes (26,9%) en T1 y 29 (55,7%) en T2. El 84% de los pacientes presentaron bajo riesgo nutricional por la escala Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill. En el segundo día, la correlación de Pearson del nitrógeno urinario total estimado con el índice urea/creatinina fue: 0,272 (p = 0,051) y en el cuarto día: 0,276 (p = 0,048). El índice urea/creatinina al cuarto día, tuvo una tendencia a mayor discriminación del hipercatabolismo proteico grave que el Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II y Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (AUC 0,741 versus 0,669 y 0,656, IC95%: 0,602 - 0,880; 0,519 - 0,818 y 0,506 - 0,806 respectivamente). El valor de corte optimo del índice urea/creatinina para diagnóstico de hipercatabolismo proteico grave fue de 16,15 con una sensibilidad de 79,31% (IC95%: 59,74 - 91,29), especificidad de 60,87% (IC95%: 38,78 - 79,53), valor predictivo positivo 71,88% (IC95%: 53,02 - 85,60), valor predictivo negativo 70,0% (IC95%: 45,67 - 87,18), LR (+) 2,03 (IC95%: 1,18 - 3,49) y LR (-) 0,34 (IC95%: 0,16 - 0,74). Conclusión: El índice urea/creatinina realizado al cuarto día tiene un discreto valor para estimar el hipercatabolismo proteico grave por nitrógeno urinario total y no reemplaza al mismo en pacientes críticos ventilados sin falla renal. Por su razonable sensibilidad podría ser utilizado como cribado para identificar a quien tomar la muestra de orina de 24 horas.

https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-507x.20200087 940 downloads

12.

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in COVID-19: presentation of two cases and review of the literature
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Lopes, Cesar Castello Branco

; Brucki, Sonia Maria Dozzi

; Passos Neto, Carlos Eduardo Borges

; Corazza, Luiza Alves

; Baima, José Pedro Soares

; Fiorentino, Matheus Dalben

; Tatsch, João Fellipe Santos

; Martin, Maria da Graça Morais

; Lucato, Leandro Tavares

; Gomes, Hélio Rodrigues

; Rocha, Maria Sheila Guimarães

; Fortini, Ida

; Nitrini, Ricardo

; Castro, Luiz H.

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria

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Dez 2020, Volume 78 Nº 12 Páginas 805 - 810

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO Introdução: As manifestações neurológicas causadas pela COVID-19 ainda não estão completamente elucidadas. O comprometimento neurológico pode decorrer de um efeito viral direto em neurônios ou em células gliais, a efeito imunomediado em resposta à infecção viral, ou de um efeito secundário a estados de hipercoagulabilidade e danos endoteliais, assim como decorrente de complicações sistêmicas graves relacionadas a cuidados intensivos prolongados na unidade de terapia intensiva. Objetivo: Descrever dois pacientes com recuperação tardia do nível de consciência após a retirada da sedação associados à infecção grave pelo SARS-CoV-2, que apresentaram lesões multifocais de substância branca, compatíveis com o diagnóstico de encefalomielite disseminada aguda. Métodos: Estudo observacional, com relato de dois casos de infecção grave pela COVID-19, em dois hospitais terciários na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: Os pacientes foram submetidos à investigação sistêmica e neurológica para avaliação de estado alterado de consciência após retirada de sedação. A ressonância magnética de crânio evidenciou lesões multifocais no centro semioval, sugestivos de processo inflamatório desmielinizante. Análise liquórica evidenciou PCR negativo para SARS-CoV-2 em ambos os casos. Conclusão: Lesões multifocais de substância branca podem ocorrer em pacientes com COVID-19, possivelmente associadas a estados alterados de consciência. Estudos adicionais são necessários para determinar o processo fisiopatológico da infecção viral e dos estados inflamatórios e imunomediados na gênese das manifestações neurológicas causadas pela COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Background: Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are still incompletely understood. Neurological manifestations may be due to direct viral effect on neurons and glial cells, to an immune-mediated response to the virus, or to a hypercoagulable state and associated endothelial damage, as well as to severe systemic disease with prolonged intensive care unit stay. Objective: To describe two patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and delayed recovery of consciousness after sedation withdrawal, in whom MRI disclosed multifocal white matter brain lesions, compatible with the diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Methods: Observational report of two cases of severe COVID-19 infection in patients from two tertiary hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil. Results: These patients underwent neurologic and systemic evaluation for delayed awakening after sedation withdrawal. MRI displayed multifocal centrum semiovale lesions, suggestive of demyelinating inflammation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 was negative in both cases. Conclusion: A recurrent pattern of multifocal white matter lesions can occur in COVID-19 patients, possibly associated with delayed awakening. Additional studies are necessary to elucidate the role of the viral infection and of inflammatory and immune-mediated associated changes in neurological manifestations of COVID-19.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20200186 2670 downloads

13.

Late Holocene tephrostratigraphy from Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador
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Arcusa, Stéphanie H.

; Schneider, Tobias

; Mosquera, Pablo V.

; Vogel, Hendrik

; Kaufman, Darrell

; Szidat, Sönke

; Grosjean, Martin

Andean geology

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Set 2020, Volume 47 Nº 3 Páginas 508 - 528

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

ABSTRACT Lakes located downwind of active volcanoes serve as a natural repository for volcanic ash (tephra) produced during eruptive events. In this study, sediment cores from four lakes in Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador, situated approximately 200 km downwind of active volcanoes in the Northern Andes Volcanic Zone, were analysed to document the regional history of tephra fall extending back around 3,000 a cal BP. The ages of the lacustrine sedimentary sequences were constrained using a total of 20 AMS radiocarbon ages on plant remains. The tephra layers were correlated among the lakes based on their radiocarbon age, elemental composition, colour, and grain morphology. We found five unique tephra layers, each at least 0.2 cm thick, and further constrained their ages by combining the results from two age-depth modelling approaches (clam and rbacon). The tephra layers were deposited 3,034±621, 2,027±41, 1,557±177, 733±112, and 450±70 a cal BP. The ages of all but the youngest tephra layer overlap with those of known eruptions from Tungurahua. Some tephra layers are missing as macroscopic layers in several cores, with only two of the five tephra layers visible in the sediment of three lakes. Likewise, previous studies of lake sediment cores from the region are missing the four youngest tephra layers, further highlighting the need to sample multiple lakes to reconstruct a comprehensive history of fallout events. The newly documented stratigraphic marker layers will benefit future studies of lake sediments in Cajas National Park.

RESUMEN Lagos que están localizados en la trayectoria del viento que proviene desde volcanes activos, sirven como repositorios naturales de cenizas volcánicas (tefra) producidas durante eventos eruptivos. En este estudio, se analizaron testigos de sedimentos obtenidos en sondajes realizados en cuatro lagos del Parque Nacional Cajas, en el sur de Ecuador, situados aproximadamente a 200 km de volcanes activos en la Zona Volcánica Norte de los Andes. El objetivo del estudio es documentar la historia regional de la depositación de tefras ocurrida en los últimos 3.000 años. Las edades de las secuencias sedimentarias lacustres fueron definidas con un total de 20 edades de radiocarbono AMS realizadas en restos de plantas fosilizados. Los niveles de tefras fueron correlacionados entre los lagos sobre la base de su edad de radiocarbono, color y morfología de grano. Se identificaron cinco niveles de tefras, cada uno de al menos 0,2 cm de espesor, y sus edades fueron adicionalmente restringidas con los resultados provenientes de dos modelos de edad-profundidad (clam y rbacon) aplicados a las secuencias sedimentarias. Las tefras fueron depositadas a 3.034±621,2.027±41, 1.557±177, 733±112, y 450±70 a cal AP. Las edades de todas, menos la de la capa de tefra más joven, se superponen con las de erupciones conocidas del volcán Tungurahua. En varios de los testigos de sedimentos los niveles de tefras no son visibles como capas macroscópicas, solamente dos de los cinco niveles de tefra identificados eran observables en la secuencia sedimentaria de tres de los lagos. Estudios previos de testigos de sedimento lacustre realizados en la región no registraron la presencia de los cuatro niveles de tefras más jóvenes, lo que realza la necesidad de muestrear múltiples lagos para reconstruir una historia completa de eventos de depositación de ceniza volcánica originada por eventos eruptivos. Las capas de tefras recién documentadas consituyen marcadores estratigráficos que beneficiarán futuros estudios de sedimentos lacustres en el Parque Nacional Cajas.

https://doi.org/10.5027/andgeov47n3-3301 334 downloads

14.

Producción de la proteína recombinante Gp-41 (VIH-1) en E.coli: Efecto del campo magnético
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Narciandi-Díaz, Ramón Emilio

; Rivera-Martin, Juan Miguel

Revista Cubana de Química

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Abr 2020, Volume 32 Nº 1 Páginas 3 - 19

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

ABSTRACT The influence of the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field was studied in a fed batch culture of Escherichia coli (E.coli), developed for the production of the recombinant Gp-41 protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). An electromagnet, which generates non-homogeneous magnetic fields, was used, at a constant induction value of 0.055 Tesla, and exposure time of 6, 5 h. With the application of the magnetic field, a 1,2-fold increase in volumetric production (320 mg / L) and 1,5 times in process productivity (30 mg / L) were obtained. At the same time, acetate production decreased 20 times to values of 0, 47 g / L, while the expression level of Gp-41 protein increased to 10 %.

RESUMEN La influencia del campo electromagnético de extrema baja frecuencia fue estudiada en un cultivo incrementado de Escherichia coli (E.coli), desarrollado para la producción de la proteína recombinante Gp-41 del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1). Fue utilizado un electroimán, que genera campos magnéticos no homogéneos, con un valor de inducción constante de 0, 055 Tesla (550 G), y un tiempo de exposición de 6,5 h. Con la aplicación del campo magnético se obtuvo un incremento de 1,2 veces la producción volumétrica (320 mg/L) y 1,5 veces en la productividad del proceso (30 mg/L.h). Al mismo tiempo, disminuyó 20 veces la producción de acetato hasta valores de 0,47 g/L, mientras que el nivel de expresión de la proteína Gp-41 se incrementó a 10 %.

15.

Comparación de permeabilidad primaria de stents venosos en segmentos cavo-ilio-femorales en pacientes con obstrucciones de etiología intrínseca y extrínseca
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González-Villegas, Paloma

; Flores-Escartín, Martin H.

; Sánchez-Nicolat, Nora E.

; Santander-Becerra, Mishell E.

; Arriaga-Caballero, Jesús E.

; Miranda-Vargas, Alicia

; Landín-García, Rosa L.

; Lozano-Serrano, Julio A.

Revista mexicana de angiología

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Mar 2020, Volume 48 Nº 1 Páginas 24 - 29

Resumo: En Es | Texto: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstract Introduction: Endovascular management of obstructive venous disease (OVD) has rapidly become the first line of therapy and replaced venous bypass. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare if there are significant differences between venous stenting in patients with May-Thurner Syndrome (MTS) and intraluminal obstructive lesions. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective review to determine the short term of the primary patency of the stents placed in the patients with OVD. Measurements of central tendency and dispersion of variables was performed, bivariate analysis for categorical variable was complete with Chi-square and for groups with <5 cases we utilized Fisher exact test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: From 52 patient with OVD, 40 had an intraluminal lesions secondary to thrombosis and 12 with MTS. We observed regression in the Villalta score after stenting in patients who were categorized initially as a severe score. For the short patency term comparing thrombotic vs no thrombotic disease, we obtained a p = 0.046. Conclusion: The primary patency of venous stents in the short-term is superior in patients with obstructive non-thrombotic disease (MTS) compared to those from thrombotic etiology, particularly in chronic phases.

Resumen Antecedentes: La colocación endovascular de stents ha reemplazado el bypass venoso como terapia de primera elección en la enfermedad venosa obstructiva clínicamente significativa. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la permeabilidad primaria de stents colocados en pacientes con obstrucción extrínseca atribuida al síndrome de May-Thurner (SMT) y obstrucciones intraluminales. Material y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de pacientes intervenidos de angioplastia venosa y colocación de stent en nuestra institución del 1 de enero de 2015 al 1 de abril de 2019. Se realizaron análisis de medidas de tendencia central y dispersión de las variables, análisis bivariado para variables categóricas con Chi cuadrado. Cuando existieron celdas con menos de 5 casos se efectuó la prueba exacta de Fisher. Se consideró un valor de p < 0.05 como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 52 pacientes: 40 de etiología trombótica y 12 con SMT. Se observó la regresión en el score de Villalta para pacientes con categoría de grave. En cuanto a la permeabilidad a corto plazo se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa que favoreció a los pacientes del grupo de SMT, con una p = 0.046. Conclusión: La permeabilidad primaria de los stents venosos a corto plazo es mayor en pacientes con enfermedad obstructiva de etiología no trombótica (SMT) comparado con los de etiología trombótica, particularmente en crónica.

https://doi.org/10.24875/rma.20000017 67 downloads

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